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Earl; the Advisory Board of Engineers, composed of Mr. Rudolph Hering and Mr. George W. Fuller, of New York, and Major B. Harrod, Colonel H. Richardson and Messrs. Brown, A. Bell and Thomas Raymond, passing upon these plans as they were submitted. It was freely contended at the time that the purification p8 of Mississippi River water to the extent of converting it into a perfectly clear and healthy product for drinking and other household purposes was an impossibility, and this view was more or less emphasized by the distinct failure of the plant of the old Water Works Company, which had been put into operation some years previously to filter Mississippi River water in quantities sufficient to meet public demands.
There were many who favored, as a solution to the problem, that the city get its water service from some stream north of Lake Pontchartrain, while others contended that a sufficient and satisfactory artesian supply might be obtained. Between and , however, much valuable knowledge had been gained as to the proper methods to be applied for the purification of Mississippi River water.
With this end in view four small plants, designed to handle, in different ways, an aggregate of one hundred thousand , gallons of water per day, were constructed in , with the view of determining the most economical and satisfactory method of treatment, as well as to demonstrate to the people of New Orleans that the Mississippi River water could be economically and successfully purified.
The first question to be decided in designing a water works system was the capacity of the plant to be constructed. In his investigations Mr. Earl learned that European cities found thirty 30 to forty 40 gallons per capita per day an adequate capacity for their water plants, while American cities varied from sixty 60 to nearly three hundred gallons per capita a day.
The old Water Works Company, with only seven thousand 7, connections, indicating less than twenty-five thousand 25, consumers, was pumping as much as twenty million 20,, , or eight hundred gallons per capita of consumption.
The importance of reaching an adequate conclusion in this matter was obvious, for if the capacity of the proposed plant was placed too high, the water and sewerage systems would have been so costly in construction, operation and maintenance as to render them impracticable. The high consumption of water in this country is due to the flat rate system which is in vogue in many of our larger cities. In recommending the assumption of an average per capita per day consumption of eighty gallons for New Orleans, the object was to hold the total output within this limit, to meter all water consumers, requiring them to p9 pay for the actual amount of water used, thereby giving them opportunity to save cost in proportion as they avoided useless waste of water.
Of course, it is not presumed that the individual will use any such amount as eighty 80 gallons of water a day, but that the total population served multiplied by that number of gallons will approximate the average amount of water required for the community as a whole. The governing factors in determining the system of water purification for New Orleans was, first, to remove the suspended matter from the river water, ranging from two hundred to fifteen hundred 1, parts per million 1,, and averaging over six hundred parts; and, second, to reduce its hardness and to provide for the elimination of all harmful bacteria.
The bacteria existing in the Mississippi River water show vastly less signs of the effect of sewerage discharge from the cities above New Orleans than are found in the river water reaching any of the higher cities, due to the great distance traveled, as well as to the effective conditions present in the river water for the eradication of objectionable bacteria.
The water is taken from the Mississippi River at the upper end of the city, ten miles above the nearest sewer outlet. The New Orleans plant can turn out an effluent without filtration, which, Mr.
Earl says, would have been considered entirely satisfactory before the people became educated to the perfect output from the complete plant. The effluent from the filters has always been entirely free from suspended matter, bright, sparkling and a perfectly safe and satisfactory water for all purposes.
It possesses every desirable characteristic that could be found in the best natural water supply. All the processes to which it is subjected are nature's processes, and absolutely under the control of human intelligence for the production of perfect results.
The Crescent City being almost perfectly flat, there is no possibility of having a reservoir at a high elevation into which water can be pumped and from which the supply can be drawn, and the construction of a stand pipe large enough to be of any effect in equalizing the pump load in a large capacity water works system being impracticable, it is necessary, by pump regulation, to maintain whatever pressure is required in the distribution system.
The New Orleans pumps can be adjusted to maintain whatever pressure is desired, and will automatically increase p10 or decrease their speed as is necessary to deliver the quantity of water which is being drawn from the mains. The pressure thus maintained constantly is just as effective and as satisfactory for all purposes as though it were supplied from a high-level reservoir.
The construction of the new system was commenced in and the completed system went into operation in February, Only three and a half years were consumed in the construction of a plant covering over five hundred miles of streets with water mains and supplying five thousand 5, fire hydrants, located at all street intersections with a pressure from sixty 60 to ninety-five 95 pounds per square inch, which is found fully adequate for fire protection, including two pumping and purification plants, one on each side of the Mississippi River, having a capacity to purify and deliver, under full pressure, sixty-six million 66,, gallons of water per day.
The Sewerage and Water Board charges for two different items of service — the one is the cost of doing business with the consumer; the other the cost of supplying water to his connection at the main.
The Board makes the connection from the water main to the property line and places the meter as part of the cost of construction. Then it maintains the meter and connections in service and eventually renews them.
It also reads the meter, keeps the account and makes the collection. The cost varies with the size of the meter and connection. Under this arrangement anybody gets exactly what he wants, and everybody pays the same price that anyone else pays for everything he gets.
If a person wants a very large supply available p11 for use, but only uses it for a few moments a year, having practically no consumption, and another person desires the use of a very small quantity of water constantly, thus making a very large consumption through a small connection, and still another wants the convenience of water available through a small connection, but has occasion to use almost none at all, each can get exactly what he wants on a basis which is fair to each, as also to the city itself.
No other water rate system ever devised can meet these tests. Increased Values The influence of the new sanitary improvements, which have been gradually brought into use, beginning with the first operation of the new drainage system in , has been reflected in and has in a large degree been the cause of the far more rapid increase in the assessed values of the city since that date, as per the following approximate: Year.
Assessed Value of Taxable Property. The death rate for was It should be remembered that the above referred to p12 death rate of Sewer service rates in New Orleans are considered to be among the most reasonable in the nation. The Sewerage Department is funded only through the sewer fees charged on monthly bills for customers. In addition to regular staff on duty for three eight-hour shifts, emergency crews are on stand-by to be called in if needed. Design of the sewerage system was begun in and construction of the early phases was completed in the early s.
Through the years, the system has been expanded and modernized. As the city grew geographically and EPA requirements became more stringent, new construction added miles of underground mains, new lift and pumping stations and larger and more efficient treatment plants. Continuous maintenance and repairs have been carried out by the Board over the years, but the age of the system, and the soil, weather and other conditions unique to this area resulted in the need for an evaluation of the entire collection system.
The first several phases of the evaluation have led to massive improvements and it's expected that future phases will reveal the need for millions in repair work in each area of the City. It focuses on the sanitary sewer portion of the sewerage system which collects wastewater from homes and businesses and transports it to the wastewater treatment plants.
SSERP is a ten-year effort to study and repair the system throughout the city. The process in each basin is first testing. The results are analyzed and construction is carried out to repair damaged manholes, pipes, trunk lines and pumping stations. Testing in each district includes flow monitoring, videotaping of lines, smoke tests and dye tests to locate breaks, clogs and broken joints.
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