According to the behavioral perspective, behaviors can be explained by looking at the processes of conditioning and reinforcement. Two of the key ways that behaviors are learned are through the processes known as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process that was first discovered by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov during his famous studies on the digestive systems of dogs. He discovered that the dogs had been conditioned to salivate whenever they saw the white coat of his lab assistant.
Because the animals associated the white coats with the presentation of food, a learned response was formed. Operant conditioning is the learning process described by the American psychologist B.
Operant conditioning involves using reinforcement or punishment as a consequence of a behavior. Actions followed by reinforcement become more likely to be repeated in the future, while those followed by punishment become less likely to occur in the future. The humanist perspective focuses on looking at human beings in a holistic way. Rather than focusing on dysfunction, humanists take the view that people are innately good and possess an actualizing tendency that leads them to pursue self-actualization.
Those who take a humanist perspective emphasize the importance of free will and allowing people to maximize their full potential. The work of humanistic psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are important in this view of behavior. Rogers was the theorist behind client-centered therapy, a non-directional approach that stresses the importance of unconditional positive regard in mental well-being.
Maslow is best known for his famous hierarchy of needs. His hierarchy is often displayed as a pyramid in which the most basic needs lie at the bottom and increasingly complex needs lie higher up toward the peak.
Physiology has played a major role in psychology since the earliest days of the discipline. However, it is only fairly recently in history that scientists and doctors have had the ability to look at the brain and other biological processes more closely. The emergence of advanced brain imaging techniques such as MRIs and PETs has allowed psychologists to learn much more about how the brain, nervous system, and other body systems contribute to how we think and act.
Psychologists who take a biological perspective look at how the brain and nervous system work and the many factors that might influence them.
Topics such as genetics, the limbic system, the endocrine system, and the immune system are just a few of the things that might interest someone who takes this perspective. While the first half of the twentieth century was dominated by psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism, it is after that a new approach known as cognitive psychology began to emerge and rise to become a major force within psychology.
The cognitive revolution led to many within psychology focusing their attention on internal processes such as thinking, decision-making, language, and information processing. Concepts such as self-actualization are essential. Psychologists with a humanist perspective focus on what drives humans to grow, change, and develop their personal potential. Positive psychology which focuses on helping people live happier, healthier lives is a recent movement in psychology with roots in the humanist perspective.
There are many ways to think about human thought and behavior. The different perspectives in modern psychology give researchers and students tools to approach problems and answer questions. They also guide psychologists in finding new ways to explain and predict human behavior. This exploration and deeper understanding can even lead to the development of new treatment approaches.
Ever wonder what your personality type means? Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Fonagy P. The effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapies: An update. World Psychiatry. Malone JC. Did John B. Watson really "found" behaviorism? Behav Anal. From the revolution to embodiment: 25 years of cognitive psychology.
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Ben Davis June 4, Why are there multiple perspectives in psychology? What approach believes that mental processes shape our behaviors? Is mimicry a structural physical or behavioral adaptation? What is the main function of structural adaptation?
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